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In a large-scale energy storage system, cell balancing is often treated as a secondary BMS function. In practice, it can become one of the main factors affecting usable capacity, charging time, thermal load, and long-term consistency between cells. Even when battery cells come from the same production batch, differences in capacity, internal resistance, self-discharge rate, and temperature can gradually increase the voltage and state-of-charge gap between cells. For engineers selecting a subord...